The percent atom economy is simply the formula weight of the desired product(s) (compound 4, 137 g/mol) divided by the sum of the formula weights of all the reactants (275 g/mol), which gives 50% in this case. % Atom Economy = (FW of atoms utilized/FW of all reactants) X 100 = (137/275) X 100 = 50% Using the Right Green Yardstick: Why Process Mass Intensity Is Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry to Drive More Sustainable Processes Concepcion Jimenez-Gonzalez, Celia S. Ritter, Chemical & Engineering News, 90(22), May 28, 2012. Pharma Strives for Green Goals, Stephen K. “ Green Chemistry in the Redesign of the Sertraline Process” and Professor Yi Tang, University of California, Los Angeles “ An Efficient Biocatalytic Process to Manufacture Simvastatin”Ģ002 PGCCA Winner: Pfizer, Inc. So, it is important to extend the impressive results achieved by the ACS GCIPR to all parts of the drug industry, especially the biopharma and generic sectors, as well as to other sectors of the chemical enterprise where synthetic chemistry is used to produce their products.Ģ012 PGCCA Winner: Codexis, Inc. However, when companies apply green chemistry principles to the design of the API process, dramatic reductions in waste are often achieved, sometimes as much as ten-fold. This is an important roundtable focus because of the historically large amount of waste coproduced during drug manufacturing-more than 100 kilos per kilo of API in many cases. More recently, the ACS Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable ( ACS GCIPR) has favored process mass intensity, which expresses a ratio of the weights of all materials (water, organic solvents, raw materials, reagents, process aids) used to the weight of the active drug ingredient (API) produced. My view is the first principle, often referred to as the prevention principle, is the most important and the other principles are the “how to’s” to achieve itĪn often-used measure of waste is the E-factor, described by Roger Sheldon, which relates the weight of waste coproduced to the weight of the desired product. In their publication “ Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice” in 1998, Anastas and Warner introduced their 12 principles.

Cue, Jr., Ph.D., BWC Pharma Consulting, LLC. A few drops of universal indicator have been added to the water.It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.Ĭontributed by Berkeley W. Questionĭescribe and explain the observations when a small piece of lithium is placed on the surface of a big container of water. In general, the more reactive the metal, the more rapid the reaction is. Sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen For example, sodium reacts rapidly with cold water: When a metal reacts with water, a metal hydroxide and hydrogen are formed. Hydrogen and carbon are shown for comparison.

The table summarises some reactions of metals in the reactivity series. the more easily it loses electrons in reactions to form positive ions (cations).In general, the more reactive a metal is: The reactivity series of metals is a chart showing metals in order of decreasing reactivity. When metals react with other substances, the metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions.

Reactivity series practice